Concentric

Openness

Liberalism

How readily you question authority, tradition and inherited arrangements.

Why it is measured

Readiness to re-examine received values is part of openness to experience.

What a high or low score looks like

High scorers challenge convention. Low scorers value continuity and established ways.

Why it matters

Despite the name, this is about disposition toward tradition rather than party politics.

The items behind it

Four public-domain statements, answered on a five-point scale. Items marked − are reverse keyed: agreeing with them counts against the trait, which is what stops agreeing with everything from producing a high score.

  • +Tend to vote for liberal political candidates
  • +Believe that there is no absolute right and wrong
  • -Tend to vote for conservative political candidates
  • -Believe that we should be tough on crime

Four items is not many. A facet measured this way carries real uncertainty, which is why every score on this site is reported as a range rather than a single number.